“We curated a dataset of over 500 AI supercomputers (sometimes called GPU clusters or AI data centers) from 2019 to 2025 and analyzed key trends in performance, power needs, hardware cost, and ownership. We found:

• Computational performance grew 2.5x/year, driven by using more and better chips in the leading AI supercomputers.
• Power requirements and hardware costs doubled every year. If current trends continue, the largest AI supercomputer in 2030 would cost hundreds of billions of dollars and require 9 GW of power.
• The rapid growth in AI supercomputers coincided with a shift to private ownership. In our dataset, industry owned about 40% of computing power in 2019, but by 2025, this rose to 80%.
• The United States dominates AI supercomputers globally, owning about 75% of total computing power in our dataset. China is in second place at 15%.”

From Epoch AI.