“Over the past five decades, gray wolves, pumas, black bears, and grizzly bears have made significant spatial and numerical recoveries across North America, enabled by legislative protections, the cessation of predator-eradication campaigns, and changing societal perceptions of large carnivores. Here, we document the recoveries of these large carnivores and synthesize what is known about their direct effects on ungulate prey and mesocarnivores, as well as their indirect effects on vegetation and broader ecosystem processes.”

From Annual Reviews.